I/O//DMA

- Direct memory access — a hardware engine that copies data between RAM and peripherals without CPU intervention.

Direct memory access — a hardware engine that copies data between RAM and peripherals without CPU intervention.

The CPU programs source/dest addresses and length, then the DMA controller handles the transfer independently.

Critical for high-throughput I/O — disk, network, audio, and discrete PCIe transfers.

Embedded MCU DMA channels service ADC, SPI, and UART buffers.