How is dopamine removed after release, and what do cocaine and amphetamine change? · Grey Matter

The dopamine transporter (DAT) on dopamine terminals pumps released dopamine back into the terminal, using the sodium gradient, where it is repackaged or broken down by monoamine oxidase; outside the cell catechol-O-methyltransferase degrades some of it, especially in the prefrontal cortex where DAT is scarce.

How is dopamine removed after release, and what do cocaine and amphetamine change?

The dopamine transporter (DAT) on dopamine terminals pumps released dopamine back into the terminal, using the sodium gradient, where it is repackaged or broken down by monoamine oxidase; outside the cell catechol-O-methyltransferase degrades some of it, especially in the prefrontal cortex where DAT is scarce. Cocaine blocks DAT (and the noradrenaline and serotonin transporters), so each release lingers longer and spreads farther. Amphetamine enters the terminal through DAT, displaces dopamine from vesicles and makes the transporter run backwards, pushing dopamine out even without spikes. Both raise dopamine in the striatum far above what any natural reward produces, which is central to their addictive power.