Neuralink · Grey Matter

Neuralink is a neurotechnology company, founded in 2016 with Elon Musk among its founders, that builds a fully implanted, wireless brain-computer interface and the robot that implants it, with the stated aim of making implantation routine and eventually scaling it far beyond medical use.

Neuralink. Neuralink is a neurotechnology company, founded in 2016 with Elon Musk among its founders, that builds a fully implanted, wireless brain-computer interface and the robot that implants it, with the stated aim of making implantation routine and eventually scaling it far beyond medical use.

Its approach is to engineer every part of the system together: flexible polymer threads instead of rigid needles, custom chips that amplify, digitise and detect spikes inside a sealed implant, inductive charging, and a robot (R1) that inserts threads while avoiding blood vessels. It described the platform publicly in 2019, received permission for its first human study in May 2023 and implanted its first participant in January 2024; by early 2026 it reported about twenty participants with severe paralysis in studies in the United States and abroad.

Its device is the N1 implant, 1,024 electrodes on 64 threads, used so far to control computers and phones by intended movement.

It has drawn scrutiny along the way. Its animal research was investigated by the US Department of Agriculture, in an inquiry closed in 2023.

It is the most watched company in the field, for its funding, pace and stated ambitions, and its announcements are best read against peer-reviewed results as they appear.

Questions: Do the new neural data privacy laws cover the recordings from a Neuralink trial implant? Largely not. The California act, to which SB 1223 added neural data, does not apply to information collected in research conducted under applicable ethics rules, including clinical trials, nor to protected health information held under medical privacy law, and the Colorado act has similar exemptions. Recordings from implants in clinical studies are therefore governed by research ethics, trial protocols and health privacy rules, while the neural data laws target consumer devices, a gap that matters once implants move from trials to products. How many electrodes does Neuralink's implant have, and how are they placed? The N1 implant used in Neuralink's human studies has 1,024 electrodes spread along 64 flexible threads, 16 per thread, each thread thinner than a human hair. A surgical robot, the R1, inserts the threads one by one a few millimetres into the hand and arm area of motor cortex, steering around visible blood vessels, while the sealed implant replaces a disc of skull about 23 mm across. The first participant was implanted in January 2024, and the company reported about twenty participants by early 2026.